俄罗斯现代土地权利构成与发展走向

20世纪90年代以来的俄罗斯土地权利立法变迁,分别以土地再分配和土地权利有效实现为阶段性目标,形成了公私并存的土地所有权体系,以土地租赁为主、限制物权为辅的土地利用制度格局和以公法为主、私法为辅的土地权利规范调整模式。当前在俄罗斯联邦民法典现代化驱动下,对土地以及其他自然资源权利的法律调整彻底回归到私法框架中来,遵循物权逻辑改造土地权利体系,强化土地权利稳定性,扩充土地限制物权类型,增加公民、法人利用土地的机会成为俄罗斯土地权利立法再发展的主旨方向。

The Constituents of Rights to Land and the Development Trend in Modern Russia

Since 1990s the legislation on rights to land has evolved in Russia with the periodic goals of land reallocation and effective exercise of rights to land.Accordingly,the public and private ownership of land coexist;the utilization of land relies mainly on land lease and complemented by restricted right in rem.Besides,public laws play a major role in regulating rights to land with private laws as supplements.At present,under the modernization of Russian Federal Civil Code,legal norms on rights to land and other natural resources have returned to the framework of private laws following such major legislative development trends that the system of rights to land should be transformed in accordance with the logic of right in rem;the stability of rights to land should be intensified;the restricted rights in rem should be expanded;and the opportunity for citizens and legal persons to utilize the land should be enhanced.