汉学涵义辩正——兼论峻立汉学家法的思想史意义

明末清初,我国学界出现了一股摒弃宋明理学、竞尚古经的思潮,延至乾嘉,终成气象,史称:朴学思潮。很久以来,人们亦习惯以“汉学”名之。其实,清儒标榜“汉学”,并非单纯地意指汉代学术,而是在张扬一种崇尚,于内表现为学术理念,于外规制为学术范型,亦即形式上以考据为正统,观念上推崇汉儒经解,本质则是求真,同时还表达了强烈的“非宋学”含义。朴学的“汉学”化改造,完成于乾隆年间,最典型的标志是惠栋峻立汉学家法,可用二十字简括,即明源流、笃信汉、从古字、审古音、谨遵古训、鲜下己见,使考据学问有了明晰的规格,并为学界公认。峻立汉学家法使清代学术上了一个台阶,它既衔接了先导大师的反宋学传统,又抬升了治学的规格,改变了汉宋芜杂、规法不严的混沌状况,为朴学自主成军、出一宗派,继而占领全学界奠定了基础。

A Determination and Rectification of Implications of the Han Learning--A Concurrent Study on Significance of the Establishment of Han Learning School Rules in Intellectual History

In the period of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties there emerged in intellectual circles an ideological trend of rejecting Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism and holding ancient Chinese classics in high esteem, which expanded to the reigns of Qianlong and Jiaqing and finally became the so-called influential school of Pu Learning (literally, down-to-earth learning). For a long time it was also named as the school of Han Learning. Those Confucians under the Qing who advocated the "Han Learning", actually, tried to carry forward what they themselves upheld instead of their mere reference to scholastic studies in the Han Dynasty. What they upheld were, internally, academic ideas, and externally, academic paradigms, that is, in form they took textology as orthodoxy, in thought extolled Han Confucians' interpretations of classics, and in essence sought truth. This expressed a strong implication of "non-Song Learning". The remaking of Pu Learning, based on Han Learning, was completed in the reign of Qianlong. The most typical mark was the establishment of Han Learning school rules (including: make a clear distinction between origin and development, be a devout follower of Han Learning, follow ancient characters, examine ancient pronunciations, comply with ancient teachings, and rarely make one's own judgments), which made textology more normal and were accepted by academic circles. The establishments of rules also made scholastic studies in the Qing scale a new height and laid a foundation for Pu Learning to be dominant in the whole intellectual circles.