中外新约与民国涉外司法审判制度的变革

1840年鸦片战争以后,列强通过不平等条约攫取在华领事裁判权,严重破坏了中国独立的的司法主权。自清末以降,政府和民众为争取国家司法主权的完整进行了不懈的努力。南京国民政府时期,尤其是在第二次世界大战中,中国加大了维护司法主权的外交斗争力度。以1943年与美英两国订立新约为标志,最终实现了百年来废除中外不平等条约的愿望,终结了外国人在华领事裁判权及相关特权。以此为契机,我国涉外司法审判制度也发生了重大变革。对于中国而言,这无疑是分享世界反法西斯战争胜利成果,融入战后国际新秩序的开端。

The New Treaties Signed by China and Foreign Countries and the Evolution of Judicial Adjudication System concerning Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China

After the Sino-British Opium War in 1840, the world powers seized the consular jurisdiction in China by unequal treaties, thus seriously undermined China＇ s independent judicial sovereignty. Since the late Qing Dynasty, Chinese government and people had made unremitting efforts toward restoring China＇ s judicial sovereignty. During the reign of Nanking Republic Government, especially during the WWH, China strengthened diplomatic struggle for vindicating judicial sovereignty. The new Sino-America and Chinese-English treaties signed in 1943 marked the abolishment of the unequal treaties and terminated the consular jurisdiction and other privileges in China enjoyed by foreign countries. This event also triggered significant reform in China＇ s judicial adjudication system concerning foreign affairs. Undoubtedly, for China, it is an opportunity to share the victory of the Anti-Fascist War, and the beginning of fitting in the new world order after the WWII.