论侵害生命之损害赔偿责任——解释论的视角

侵害生命的损害赔偿责任由受害人生命权侵害责任和近亲属身份权侵害责任组成。生命侵害于死亡不可逆转地将要发生时构成，仍有主体资格的受害人此时即取得了生命侵害之抚慰金请求权以及死亡赔偿金请求权，这些请求权于死亡实际发生时转由受害人的继承人继承。身份权侵害于受害人死亡时构成，近亲属取得抚慰金请求权以及继发的物质损害赔偿请求权。被抚养人的抚养利益以及继承人的继承利益，均通过继承规则来实现，而不采固有利益侵权构成之模式。我国生命侵害之赔偿实践中，精神利益被过度低估，导致最终的赔偿数额的高低主要取决于物质损害的大小，引发了“同命不同价”之批判。解释论上，可根据《侵权责任法》第16条及第22条之规定，在坚持物质损害赔偿差异化处理的同时，对精神损害作平等的评价，认可受害人生命侵害之抚慰金请求权，并大幅度提高受害人及其近亲属的抚慰金数额，来彰显生命的精神价值，实现人格平等的价值诉求。

On Compensation liability for Infringement on Life

Compensation liability for infringement on life includes liabilities for infringement on the victim’s right to life and infringement on the status right of close relatives.Infringement on life occurs when death is going to be caused irreversibly;the victim,who is still qualified as the subject,then is entitled to compensation claim for non-pecuniary loss and pecuniary loss for the death.When the death actually occurs,these claims are inherited by heir of the victim.With regard to infringement on the status right,it occurs when the victim dies,and the close relative is entitled to claims for non-pecuniary and pecuniary compensation.Both the interests of a dependant and heir are fulfilled according to the succession rule,instead of the mode of infringement on their inherent benefits.In practice,spiritual interests are too underestimated,thus leading to the fact that the final amount of compensation mainly depends on material damage,which gives rise to the criticism of "same lives,different prices".On the basis of theory of interpretation and according to articles 22 and 16 of the Tort Law,while maintaining differential determination of material damages,we can equally evaluate mental damages,accept the claim for consolation money for infringement on life and greatly raise the amount of solatium for the victim and close relatives,so to show the spiritual value of life and realize the value of equality of personalities.