作为非正式行政救济的监察专员制度:比利时联邦的经验

比利时联邦监察专员制度被视为一剂针对行政国家"大政府"的"解毒药"。向联邦监察专员申诉作为一种便捷、可信赖的行政救济,相对于行政复议和行政诉讼是一种补充性的非正式法律救济机制。其对申诉处理的有效性得益于机构独立、程序公正和责任有效的制度保障。当下这些成功的制度条件难以系统移植,但其技术性规则可供借鉴。最为重要的是其成功经验背后蕴含的制度理念能够作为检视和反思信访救济的线索。

Ombudsman as Informal Administrative Remedy Mechanism:Experience of Belgian Federal Ombudsman

Belgian Federal Ombudsman is viewed as an ’antidote’ to ’big government’ in course of administrative state.Appealing to the Federal Ombudsman,being more reliable and convenient,is the complementary informal administrative remedy opposing to administrative review and litigation.Thanks to the systematical guarantee of institutional independence,fair procedure,and effective accountability,this mechanism possesses great effectiveness of appeal solution.However,although successful experience cannot be transplanted directly at present,the technical rules can be for reference,and especially the institutional principles behind the experience can be used as clues for examining and reflecting China’s letter visiting remedy.