论国家及其财产豁免中商业交易的判断依据

对于国家豁免中的商业交易判断依据,理论上素有"性质"说和"目的"说之争,各国的立法和司法实践一般偏向于性质依据。《联合国国家及其财产豁免公约》采取了以性质依据为主、兼顾目的依据的折衷方案,但公约对目的依据的限制意味着那些原来一直主张性质依据的国家仍然可以只适用性质依据。因此公约并没有从根本上统一各国在商业交易判断依据上的立场。在审查合同或交易的商业性质时,不应该局限于"性质依据"或"目的依据",而应该从行为的全过程着手,全面考虑与案件有关的各种因素。

The Basis of Determining Commercial Transaction in State Immunity

In determining whether a contract or transaction is a "commercial transaction" for the purpose of state immunity,reference be made to the nature or purpose of the contract or transaction.Juridical practice usually tends towards "nature".The UN Convention provides that the reference should be made primarily to the "nature",but the "purpose" should also be taken into account under certain circumstances.This means if the practice of the state of the forum,that purpose is not relevant to determining the non-commercial character of the transaction,the nature remains the only factor to be considered.Therefore,the UN Convention can't uniform the position of states in this problem.In fact,to resolve the problem of determining the commercial transaction,we should consider not only the nature and purpose of the transaction,but other factors relevant to the whole process of the action.