乾嘉时代的“道论”思想及其哲学的形上学追求——以戴震、章学诚、钱大昕为例

宋明理学以气本论、理本论、心本论为其中最为突出的三派思想体系，乾嘉时代的哲学形上学是以“道本论”为其典型形态。在该时代的思想体系中，“道”既是一种超越任何具体学科专门技术的崇高价值理想，也是一种与认识论相关的真理，而且还是统合理、气、心等前代核心概念的最重要的概念。以戴震、章学诚、钱大昕等人为代表的“道论”思想，在思维方式上表现为“由气化而求道”，“即器以明道”，“即事以求理”的“经验论”和实证化的倾向，拒斥宋明理学中带有思辨特征的理学与心学思想传统，展示了中国哲学深层次的变化。

Doctrine of Tao and Its Metaphysical Dimension in Qianlong and Jiaqing Times:the Case of Dai Zhen,Zhang Xuecheng and Qian Daxin

Doctrines of Qi, Li, or Mind as noumenon are most prominent systems of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties, whereas a doctrine of Tao as noumenon Doctrines of Qi, Li, and Mind as noumenon were most prominent the ideological systems of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties, whereas a doctrine of Tao as noumenon was the typical form of philosophical metaphysics in Qianlong and Jiaqing times. For the ideological systems of that time, Tao was the most significant concept which integrated Li, Qi, Mind, and all other central concepts used by the Neo-Confucians; it was a truth in human cognition, and also an ideal value beyond all disciplines and techniques. Dai Zhen, Zhang Xuecheng and Qian Daxin were eminent in the doctrine of Tao. They rejected the speculative tradition of Neo-Confucianism, and laid emphasis on “searching Tao through the transformation of Qi”, “illuminating Tao by corporeal matters”, and “searching Li by visible things”, and gradually stepped on a way of empiricist and positivist approach to Tao, which reflected a great change in the deep ground of Chinese philosophy.