背景知识、关系情境与东盟安全合作实践

东盟安全合作何以经历从内向型到开放型、从"中立化"到"东盟中心"的转变?传统解释通常采取结构主义分析方法,存在过度简化现实的不足,未能就变化的触发机制、合作的演进逻辑等问题给出令人满意的解答。本文在借鉴实践理论和关系理论的基础上提出一种综合性的分析视角。安全合作实践是稳定与变化的统一体,是在特定关系情境中以背景知识为导向的有意义的规律性活动。背景知识决定了实践的边界与方式,关系情境促使实践者寻求安全关系的亲疏均衡。在实践中背景知识得到反复确认与巩固,反过来增强了实践的路径依赖性,关系均衡状态也有利于实践延续。当遵循先前路径的合作实践与变化了的关系情境产生矛盾,实践者的反思意识会被唤醒,推动实践转化和背景知识更新,促使实践者寻求新的关系均衡状态。从最初的中立化到柬埔寨冲突中发生转变,再到冷战后形成以东盟为中心的地区安全合作框架,本文通过考察东盟安全合作实践,认为关于安全问题的背景知识和东盟所处的安全关系情境共同决定了东盟安全合作实践的生成、运行和转化。

Background Knowledge,Relational Context and ASEAN Security Cooperation

Why has ASEAN security cooperation gone through the transformation from introversion to openness, from "neutrality" to "centrality"? Existing explanations usually adopt structuralist analysis and hence tend to oversimplify the reality. They fail to give satisfactory answers to the problems such as the trigger mechanism of certain change and the logic of the evolution of cooperation. Built on the basic assumptions of practice theory and relational theory, this article tries to build a comprehensive analytical framework and provide a more satisfying answer to the above-raised question. The author assumes that security cooperation is international practice which witnesses both stability and change. It is a meaningful and regular activity guided by background knowledge in a specific relational context. Background knowledge determines the boundary and mode of practice. And relational context leads practitioners to seek balance between closeness and remoteness of security relations. In practice, background knowledge is repeatedly confirmed and consolidated, which in turn strengthens the path dependence of practice. In the meantime, the relational equilibrium is also conducive to the continuation of practice. When the practice of cooperation following the previous path is in conflict with the changed relational context, the reflective consciousness of practitioners will be aroused, promoting the transformation of practice and the update of background knowledge, and then prompting practitioners to seek a new relational equilibrium. This article examines ASEAN’s practice of security cooperation and finds the evolution from the initial neutralization at ASEAN’s establishment, then to a major transformation toward openness during the Cambodia conflict, and finally to ASEAN Centrality after the Cold War. The author argues that the background knowledge of security issues and the relevant relational context jointly determine the generation, operation and transformation of ASEAN’s practice of security cooperation.