侵权责任的证成:基于立法、学理和法院判决的考察

过错、不法等概念都是判断或评价的结果,意在说明人是理性的,要对自由意志负责的抽象观念。实际上,过错需要依据违反特定义务的行为这一事实加以推断方能确定,与之有关的抗辩也可以用未违反特定义务,或对方违反了对他自己的注意义务等理由来进行。因而一定程度上,可以抛开过错概念,仅根据当事人是否负有和违反了注意义务来判断其应否承担责任,并根据损害的程度确定责任的大小。对因果关系的讨论,在一般侵权案件中,因事实简单直白故可以省略;而在无过错规则类型案件(随着过错概念的舍弃,这类案件也要更名)中,其具有更为广大的适用余地。当然,因果关系概念有必要进一步细化。

The Confirmation of Liability for Torts:A Review of Litigation,Legal Theory and Court Decision

The words fault,illegality(iniuria) are the result of the evaluation of civil law and used to show that the human being is reasonable.In practice,the fault is deduced from the fact of violation of care duty.And the relative argument to fault could also be instead of non-violation of such duties.Therefore,the liability for torts could be confirmed by checking the care duty and the conception of fault could be omitted.The term causation in Chinese civil law doctrine should be divided into more classifications...