移动设备电子搜查的制度挑战与程序规制——以英美法为比较对象

评估执法的正当需求和手机用户的合法权益成为移动互联网时代的程序规制命题。移动设备搜查对警察权力的重要性和公民权利保护的重要性日益凸显,应当将移动设备视为人们具有合理信赖的一个信息隐私空间。英国、美国的手机搜查规范上的域内不统一导致搜查实践的多样态、公民权利的保护缺陷。但其应对证据的移动电子化的基本思路——根据信息种类或其他变量进行立法,区别对待搜查条件——对中国相关搜查问题的解释和解决具有镜鉴意义。我国需要考虑确立获得搜查批准的原则,通过类型化规则给执法提供明确指导,并且明确搜查后的系列权利保障,进行电子搜查规则的适时调整与动态平衡。

System Challenges and Procedural Regulation of Portable Device Search: In Comparison to Anglo-Saxon Law

The search of portable devices is increasingly important to police power and citizen rightsAssessing just needs of law administration and privacy interests of mobile phone users has become a procedural regulation issue in the age of mobile Internet. UK and USA face difficulties in the practice and norms of searching mobile phones —— in—unified norms leads to diverse practice and insufficient protection of citizen rights —— but their basic idea dealing with mobile electronic evidence—legislating different warranting conditions by information categories or other factors—is illuminating to explaining and solving relevant searching issues in China. In designing new rules we should consider that mobile devices has involved citizen rights in a substantively different way and balance the complexity of searching electronic materials. The systematic construction needs to establish the principle of getting a warrant, categorize practicing rules and clarify serial ex post protection of citizen rights, in order to timely adjust rules and strike a dynamic balance.