权利外观与诈骗罪认定

行为人利用虚假的权利外观实施表见行为,第三人对外观产生合理信赖,向行为人给付对价并取得相应财产,根据权利外观理论,民法对第三人财产予以保护,不利后果转由真实权利人承担。但是,刑法的价值取向、司法解释的相关规定以及法律关系强行转换导致的处罚漏洞,阻断了将该理论适用于犯罪认定的现实可能。在规范层面将财产损害分为损害发生与损害分配,刑民对损害发生的认定相互契合,均将第三人作为表见行为的直接被害人;与此同时,刑法对损害分配不作评价,在法律事实的相对性层面,刑民又各自分立。第三人是遭受财产损失的刑事被害人,在善意取得、表见代理的案件中,行为人通过隐瞒自己并非真实权利人的事实,致使第三人陷入认识错误交付财物,成立诈骗罪。

The Rechtsschein and the Determination of Fraud

The perpetrator takes advantage of apparent authority or appearance of having the right(Rechtsschein)to carry out the apparent behavior,resulting in that the third party builds reasonable trust in the appearance,thereby pays consideration to the perpetrator and obtains the corresponding property. Under the Rechtsschein Theorie,the civil law protects that property of the third party,and the adverse consequences will be transferred to the authentic obligee. Nevertheless,the value orientation of criminal law,the relevant provisions of judicial interpretation and the penalty loopholes caused by the forcibly transformed legal relations have blocked the possibility of applying the theory to the determination of crimes. In the level of legal norms,property damage can be divided into damage occurrence and damage distribution. When regarding the recognition of the damage occurrence,the criminal law and civil law reowh the consensus that the third party is regarded as the direct victim of the apparent behavior;meanwhile,on the damage distribution,the criminal law keeps silent,thus in the level of the relativity of legal fact,the criminal law and civil law are separate and discrete. The third party is the crime victim who suffers from property loss. In the cases of bona fide acquisition and apparent authority,by concealing the fact that he or she is not the authentic obligee,the perpetrator causes the third party to fall into the misunderstanding and deliver property,which constitutes the crime of fraud.