40‐Hz Square‐Wave Stimulation Requires Less Energy to Produce Muscle Contraction: Compared with the TASER® X26 Conducted Energy Weapon |
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Authors: | James A. Comeaux B.S. James R. Jauchem Ph.D. D. Duane Cox Carrie C. Crane B.Appl.Arts Sci. John A. D'Andrea Ph.D. |
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Affiliation: | 1. General Dynamics Information Technology, , Fort Sam Houston, TX;2. U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Bio‐Effects Division, , Fort Sam Houston, TX;3. Directed Energy Biomedical Research Department, US Naval Medical Research Unit San Antonio, , Fort Sam Houston, TX |
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Abstract: | Conducted energy weapons (CEWs) (including the Advanced TASER® X26 model produced by TASER International, Inc.) incapacitate individuals by causing muscle contractions. In this study using anesthetized swine, the potential incapacitating effect of primarily monophasic, 19‐Hz voltage imposed by the commercial CEW was compared with the effect of voltages imposed by a laboratory device that created 40‐Hz square waves. Forces of muscle contraction were measured with the use of strain gauges. Stimulation with 40‐Hz square waves required less pulse energy than stimulation with the commercial CEW to produce similar muscle contraction. The square‐pulse stimulation, at the higher repetition rate, caused a more complete tetanus at a lower energy. Use of such a simple shape of waveform may be used to make future nonlethal weapon devices more efficient. |
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Keywords: | forensic science
Sus scrofa
TASER
conducted energy weapon muscle contraction electromuscular incapacitation electronic control devices |
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