和谐社会的刑事法治理性探讨

构建和谐社会需要实质的刑事法治,尤其需要高度重视、重新审视和检讨刑事政策的公正价值与谦抑宽容理性,合理兼顾犯罪防控和人权保障。在理论上,片面强调以报应主义论证刑法公正,把“刑法公正必然内在要求报应主义”这个命题作为一个“不言自明”的公理是存在很大疑问的。在刑事政策意义上的相对公正理性,不但内含了对犯罪规律的基本认识、对犯罪态势的基本判断、对可资利用的现实物质基础和精神文化资源的基本估价、对社会发展的基本考量、对人权尊重的基本态度,还内含了人性假设的基本立场以及在特定历史条件下的价值权衡和价值取向。现代刑事政策内含的谦抑宽容价值理念应当充分体现出最大限度地保障人权、最大限度地促进社会发展、最大限度地体现相对公正、最小限度地维持必要秩序这样一种“三大一小”理念;因此,现代刑事政策理念应当坚持“人权保障至上”、反对“犯罪防控至上”,坚持“公正至上”、反对“效率至上”。

Rule by Criminal Law in a Harmonious Society

Rule by criminal law is indispensable in building a harmonious society while justification and leniency of criminal policies should be especially examined and reconsidered so as to balance criminal control and protection of human rights.In logic,one-sided stress of retributivism and taking the idea that retributivism inheres in criminal law as an axiom is highly problematical.To justify a criminal policy,one should not only have a rough idea of the regular pattern of crimes,generally appreciate the criminal situation,clearly know the available physical,spiritual and cultural resources and the development of society,and fully respect human rights,but also have a right attitude in relationship with human nature as we employ reliable evaluation criteria in a specific historical stage.The notion of leniency and tolerance contained in existing criminal policies fully indicates that we should try our best to protect hu- man rights,promote social development and administer comparative justice while maintaining necessary order within a minimum area(re:the idea of“three maximums and one minimum”).In short,modern criminal policies should maintain“supremacy of human rights,”rather than“supremacy of criminal control,”and maintain“supremacy of justice,”rather than“supremacy of efficiency.”