危险责任的一般条款立法模式研究

危险责任是工业化社会的产物,在现代侵权法中,与过错责任并列成为最基本的归责原则。由于传统侵权法以过错责任为单一归责原则,导致针对危险责任采取了民法典之外的单行法调整模式,此种立法日益加重了侵权法与现实生活的张力。由于危险责任是现代风险社会的常态责任形态,并且各种新型风险日益增多,针对危险责任应当采取一般条款立法模式。为了避免一般条款立法模式的弊端,应对其构成要件作进一步的限定,并辅之以必要的列举。基于危险责任,同样应当可以主张精神损害赔偿,并原则上不设定最高赔偿限额。免责事由限于不可抗力、受害人过错以及风险自担。

A Study on General Legislative Mode of Liability of Danger

Gefaehrdungshaftung(Strict Liability),as a result of industralized society,is regarded as one of the most important liability principles,parallel to the fault liability.Because the traditional tort law concentrated on the fault liability,it resulted to the specially dispercing legislation regulating Gefaehrdungshaftung outside civil code,with the negative effect of tension between tort law and social reality.Due to the enhancing occurence of new risks,Gefaehrdungshaftung is now a quite common liability form,sofar it is nessessary to regulate the Gefaehrdungshaftung by means of a general clausel.In order to reduce the disadvantages of general clausel legislation,some considerations to confine its elements should be made.Enumeration would be also of signifisance in this meaning.Based of the Gefaehrdungshaftung,victims should have claim of mental damages.Generally,Maximal limit of damage should not be set for Gefaehrdungshaftung.Its defends include force majure,fault of victim and assumption of risk.