从国际法角度论多边贸易自由化与国内公共健康政策的冲突和协调

WTO成员以公共健康为口号发起的贸易限制措施与各国在WTO下的贸易自由化的义务存在着冲突。GATT/WTO的有关规则和实践显示出多边贸易体制对国内公共健康政策的态度从“忽视”到“有条件肯定”的演变过程。具体来说,GATT时期的规则和争端解决实践不利于国内公共健康政策的实施,而WTO时期出现了有利于国内公共健康政策实施的变化。在WTO现行体制下,各国在实施为公共健康目标的贸易措施时,应符合特定目标的合法性、目标与手段的一致性、目标与手段的相称性等一般要求和相关的具体要求。

Conflicts and Coherences between Multilateral Trade Liberalization and National Public Health Policies: Analytical Comments by International Law

How to achieve a rational balance between the free-trade obligation and the health policy? This article,from the angle of international law,attempts to address the rules and practices relating to "free-trade and public health" in GATT/WTO.The author firstly introduces the conflict.Then, on the basis of relevant cases,the author analyzes the historical development of the interpretations by GATT/WTO DSM and finds out that WTO's interpretations prove to public health advantage in contrast with GATT's interpretations.Lastly,the author dissects the legal requirements which should be observed by WTO's members when they take trade measures for public objective,such as the legitimacy of objectives,the consistency of methods with objectives and the proportionality of methods to objectives.