巨灾风险防范的中国范式

中国近年应对包括1998年洪水，2003年SARS，2008南方低温雨雪冰冻和汶川地震等巨灾的实践申，充分发挥了国家政治制度在应对巨灾时的特殊功能，即：“举国应对巨灾”的范式。在这一范式中，各级政府的坚强指挥起到了核心作用；军队、武警及公安等组成的应急武装力量起到了关键作用；改革开放30年形成的较强国力起到了保障作用；广大群泉及各类社会力量的积极参与起到了推动作用；各类媒体的积极舆论引导起到了凝聚力量的作用。我们称这一“举国应对巨灾”范式为“巨灾风险防范的中国范式”。在这一范式中，“五个作用”的整合展示了中国综合灾害风险防范的结构与功能体系的优化，从而体现了巨灾风险防范的高效率，这一点对一些西方国家防范巨灾风险有借鉴价值。然而，在这一范式中，防范巨灾风险的效益仍需要做全面地改进。借鉴一些国家建立的巨灾风险转移的经验，发展巨灾保险与再保险业务；提高各类基础设施的设防水平和生态系统服务能力；提高全民防范巨灾风险的意识和掌握基本逃生技能；完善巨灾风险防范的预案和信息集成网络及指挥平台等，可全面提高防范巨灾风险的资源利用效益．

Chinese paradigm for integrated large scale disaster risk governance

In the practice of coping with such large scale disasters as the flood in 1998, SARS in 2003, the southern freezing rain and snowstorm in 2008 and Wenchuan earthquake, China has given a full play to the special function of the state political institution in coping with large scale disasters, i.e.： The paradigm of ＂whole nation＇s response to large scale disaster＂. In this paradigm, the strong command of governments at different levels has played a core role; the emergency armed force composed of army, armed police and public security personnel have played a critical role; the strong national power formed over the last three decades since the reform and opening-up was launched has played a role of assurance; the active participation of the vast masses and different social forces have played a promoting role; and positive guidance of different medium has played a role of cohesion. We call this paradigm as ＂Chinese paradigm of large scale disaster risk governance＂. In this paradigm, the integration of ＂five roles＂ has exhibited the optimization of strucatre and functional system of China＇s integrated disaster risk governance and thus represented the efficiency of large scale disaster risk governance, as is worth of reference for some western countries in governing large scale disaster risk. However, in this paradigm, the benefits of governing large scale disaster risk need to be improved as a whole. With reference to the experiences of some countries in establishing large scale disaster risk transfer, develop large scale disaster insurance and reinsurance services; increase the protection level of different infrastructures and service capacity of ecological system; increase the national awareness of governing large scale disaster risk and master the basic escape techniques; improve the emergency plan and information integration network and command platform of large scale disaster risk governance so as to increase the benefit of resource application in governing large scale disaster risk.