对公共风险的政府规制——阐释与评述

现代社会存在着诸多公共风险,也存在着诸多针对公共风险的政府规制。如何理解公共风险,这是政府规制成立的逻辑起点。与私人风险是由一方的故意或者过失而引起的不同,公共风险在本质上是一种与道德无涉且在功能上有利于减少风险和增进公共福祉的行为。但是一旦从风险变成事故,公共风险却会对社会造成极大损害。如何治理公共风险?业已成为我们所要面对的重要课题。传统的侵权法由于技术上的局限,已经不胜任对公共风险的治理。政府规制在现代社会中发挥了越来越多的作用。当政府介入公共风险的治理之后,原先通过事后损害赔偿来保护个人权利的法律制度逐步让位于通过准入、标准和信息披露等构筑起来的以安全为目的的政府规制,而且这种制度的核心也不再是着眼于个案式的正义实现,而是为了减少整体风险。

Goverment Regulation on Public Risk:Explanation and Comment

In modern society,there exist many public risks and also a great number of government regulations directing at these public risks.How to understand public risks serves as the logic beginning for the justification of government regulation.Different from private risks that arise from one party’s intention or fault,public risks essentially refer to acts that are conducive to reducing risks while increasing public welfare.They have nothing to do with morality.However,once a public risk results in an accident,it will cause great harm to society.How to control public risks has already become a major challenge we have to fact today.Because of technical restraints,traditional law of tort has failed to deal with public risks.Government regulation is playing a more and more important role in modern society.With government’s role increased,the legal system that protects individual rights through subsequent compensation for damages has gradually given way to government regulation taking safety as its top priority on the basis of rule of entry,industrial standards and information disclosure.Moreover,the key of this new system no longer focuses on individual-case-oriented realization of justice,but on reducing risks as a whole.