美国域外知识产权扩张中的论坛选择政策研究:历史、策略与哲学

为追求知识产权利益最大化,美国的域外知识产权保护始终处于扩张之中。美国不断追逐有效的知识产权国际论坛,从联合国教科文组织到世界知识产权组织、世界贸易组织和最近的《反假冒贸易协议》,采取的论坛选择策略包括论坛加入或退出、论坛转移和新论坛构建等,意图在于把不断提高的国内知识产权保护实质地延伸至全球领域。为支持其论坛选择政策,美国交互采取单边、双边和多边贸易措施,包括"特别301"、自由贸易协议和WTO的争端解决机制。持续推动美国域外知识产权保护的力量来自其跨国公司,支撑其论坛选择政策的是美国的实用主义哲学。对美国域外知识产权扩张历程及其论坛选择政策的考察,有助于人们认识知识产权全球化的实质,正视其内在冲突,把握其合理方向,理解知识产权国际保护不应是一国知识产权制度的无条件延伸,从而有助于我国吸收相关经验与教训,在知识产权对外交往中采取更有针对性和前瞻性的应对之策。

On the Policy of Forum Selection of US in Relation to Its Expansion of Intellectual Property Protection Overseas:History,Strategies and Philosophy

The United States has been expanding its intellectual property protection overseas all the time in order to maximize its interest.In pursuit of effective international forums,ranging from UNESCO,WIPO,WTO to the recently initiated Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement,the US has adopted a multiple strategy of forum selection,including participation in or withdrawal from a form,change of and establishing a new forum,etc.,with the purpose to extend its increasingly enhanced domestic intellectual property protection globally.To support its policy,unilateral,bilateral and multilateral trade measures,including "Special 301",free trade agreements and WTO disputes settlement mechanism,have been employed interchangeably.Those giant transnational companies play an active role in encouraging the extension of US extraterritorial intellectual property protection,while American pragmatic philosophy supports its forum selection policy.Through examination and analysis of the history of the global expansion of the intellectual property rights and its policy of forum selection,we can realize the essence of the globalization of intellectual property rights,understand its intrinsic conflicts,keep abreast of its reasonable direction,and,know clearly that international intellectual property protection should not be an unconditional extension of intellectual property law of one single country.Further,we may learn from relevant experiences and lessons,so as to adopt some forward-looking measures with clearer aims in diplomatic activities involving intellectual property rights.