“机动工”:生产大队的劳动力配置——以山东省梁桥大队为例

人民公社时期生产大队从所辖生产队抽调劳动力现象非常普遍,这种抽调的用工形式被称为“机动工”。机动工抽调遵循“找平”原则,即抽调劳动力数量各生产队均等。机动工根据性质大略可以分为农业类和非农业类机动工,与农业生产直接相关的为农业类机动工,其他的比如组织活动、文化宣传等为非农业类机动工。机动工抽调对生产大队的影响是积极的,生产大队有积极性抽调更多的劳动力;对生产队而言并没有明显影响农业生产;而对农户的影响存在较大差异,首先因分配要回各自的生产队,所以存在“同酬不同工”现象,其次是不同农户面临不同的抽调机会,不同抽调机会意味着不同的收益,进而会影响农户的劳动积极性。

Mobile Workers:Labor Allocation in a Production Brigade:Liangqiao Production Brigade in Shandong Province as an Example

During the People’s Commune period,a production brigade would often transfer workers from its production teams.Those who were transferred were called“mobile workers.”The transfer of mobile workers followed the principle of“leveling,”that is,the number of laborers was adjusted equally for each production team.According to their nature,the mobile workers could be divided into productive workers and non-productive workers.The productive workers were those who were directly related to agricultural production,and the non-productive workers were those who were engaged in organizational activities,cultural propaganda,and so forth.The transfer of mobile workers had a positive effect on the production brigades;hence the production brigades took an initiative to transfer more laborers.For the production teams the transfers did not have an obvious influence on agricultural production.However,there was an impact on the peasants.First,the phenomenon of“equal pay for different work”because of distribution to the production teams came into existence;second,peasants faced differing transfer opportunities,thus affecting their salaries and their enthusiasm.