英美刑法共谋罪之不法协议要件述评

不法协议是共谋罪的行为要件,处罚共谋罪本质上是处罚不法协议。不法协议是共谋者从事共同计划的意志的持续和有意识联合。不法协议可以通过间接证据推导成立。单纯地默认他人的犯罪目标、单纯出现在犯罪现场、单纯地与共谋者有联系、单纯参与共谋的目标犯罪以及赞同他人的提议等不构成不法协议。普通法以群体危险理论支持对不法协议的处罚,不法协议是物质层面上的构成要件。处罚不法协议背后的理论依据可归纳为犯罪征表说,具有主观主义刑法的烙印。处罚共谋罪不等于单纯处罚犯罪意图或处罚“思想犯”。

Commentary on Elements of Illegal Agreement on Conspiracy in the Anglo-American Criminal Law

An illegal agreement is a behavior element of conspiracy. A punishment of conspiracy is es sentially the punishment of the illegal agreement. The illegal agreement, which can be deduced from cir eumstantial evidence,is the continuity and eonseious connection of the will to engage in joint plans by conspirators. The followings can not constitute the illegal agreement, such as mere acquiescence in other＇s criminal target, mere appearance at the crime scene, mere connection with conspirators, mere participation in conspiratorial target crime,mere assent to others＇proposal and so on. The illegal agreement,which is substantial element of conspiraey,is penalized for the group danger theory in the common law. The theoret- ic basis of punishing illegal agreements can be attributed to the doetrine of criminal manifestation, which reflects the criminal law of subjectivism. To punish illegal agreements is not equal to merely punish crimi nal intents or＂ideological eriminal＂.