“进步”抑或“倒退”:美国民事起诉标准的最新实践及启示——以Twombly案和Iqbal案为中心

起诉标准是原告进入法院的钥匙,民事诉讼程序启动的门槛。半个多世纪以来,美国通知起诉标准深入人心,原告起诉不需主张具体事实。2007年,联邦最高法院在Twombly案中首次提出合理起诉标准,要求原告起诉应提出具体事实,实现对诉讼主张的论证从可能性到合理性的转变;2009年,Iqbal案将其适用于所有民事案件。合理起诉标准在美国的出现,虽具民事司法改革的必然性和制度价值选择的合理性,但也存在当事人难以接近司法和规避联邦法院管辖等困境,应通过设定合理的标准将其适用范围限定在复杂民事案件中。该标准对我国民事起诉条件的科学设定以及原告起诉事实的具体化等问题也具有启示意义。

Progress or Regress:The Latest Development of Civil Pleading Standard in America and Its Enlightenment

The pleading standard is the plaintiff's key to the court and the threshould to initiate a civil action.More than fifty years,notice pleading has deep influence in America and plaintiff needs not provide the details of facts in pleading.However,in 2007 the Supreme Court in the Twombly for the first time put up plausible pleading standard which required plaintiff to provide factual details to illustrate his claim is plausible and not just conceivable.In 2009 the Court in Iqbal claimed plausible pleading stan...