气候贸易措施：GATT 第20 条的限制性和适用的不确定性

《京都议定书》的第一个承诺期即将到期,发达国家出于各种原因可能不断出台或完善应对气候变化的国内措施,气候贸易措施有单边化的趋势。尽管单边的气候措施与贸易自由的冲突会日益明显,但是发达国家很有可能寄望于GATT第20条例外条款寻找缺口。从规则上来讲,GATT第20条为援引例外设定诸多限制条件,发挥社会利益与贸易自由的平衡作用,但是由于措词模糊,第20条的适用更依赖于个案的司法平衡,为适用结果带来诸多不确定性因素。因此,本文结合WTO经典案例,深入分析GATT第20条的限制条件,剖析司法适用中的不确定性因素,提出多边机制应对气候变化问题是现阶段化解各种矛盾的积极选择。

Domestic Climate Measures:Limitations of GATT Article 20 and Uncertainties of Its Application

"Kyoto Protocol" in the first commitment period comes to end.The developed countries may continue to establish or improve national measures to address climate change.Although there are conflicts between the unilateral climate measures and trade liberalization,the developed countries are likely to count on GATT Article 20 to find the gap.However,GATT Article 20 plays the balance between the social interests and trade liberalization by its limitations,but because of vague wording,the application of Article 20 of the cases are more dependent on a balance of justice,in result that the results of the application bring many uncertainties.Therefore,this article analyzes GATT Article 20 restrictions and uncertainty factors in the judicial application,offering that the multilateral mechanisms to address climate change issues at this stage will be positive choice to resolve the contradictions.