封闭性公共池塘资源的多层级治理——一个情景化拓展的IAD框架

对于公共池塘资源治理的讨论,学界聚焦于集体行动的自主机制,较为忽略资源的属性类型及其治理机制的差异。借助情景化拓展的IAD框架,论文考察了江西省Y县农村宅基地改革,发掘和讨论中国情景中普遍存在的封闭性公共池塘资源的治理逻辑。财政和组织资源的局限,决定了县级政府不能直接而全面地主导村庄层面的操作,转而以较具弹性的制度嵌入、涉农项目的导入、组织赋权激励以及村庄发展话语等策略,激活和引导村庄自组织的自主行动。村庄共同体强关联特性和内生凝聚力,配以县级政府的行政赋权,成为社会自组织主导的改革动能和绩效要因。研究发现,中国农村的宅基地改革,本质上是具有较强封闭性特征的公共池塘资源的多层级治理,治理有效的关键在于完善多层级的治理结构,并强化基层自组织的自主行动能力及其可持续性。论文从公共池塘资源的类型属性差异性切入,辨识中国场景中该类资源存在的较强封闭性特质,把研究焦点从自组织的集体行动扩展到其他相关主体及其行动逻辑,并立足基层实践对IAD框架情景化拓展,从而增强中国情境下治理经验的理论解释效力。

Multi-Level Governance in Closed Common Pool Resources——Based on the Situational Development of the IAD Framework

For the discussion of common pool resource management,the academic focus is on the autonomous mechanism of collective action.Little attention is paid to the attribute types of resources and the differences between governance mechanisms.With the help of the scenario-based IAD framework,this paper explores and discusses the governance logic of closed common pool resources,which are common in China,by investigating rural homestead reform in Y County.Given its financial and organizational limitations,the county government did not directly and comprehensively dominate village level operations.Instead,it activated and guided the autonomous actions of the villages by embedding a more flexible system,introducing agricultural projects,organizational empowerment incentives,discourse construction oriented towards village development,and so on.The strong correlation and endogenous cohesion of the village community,and the administrative empowerment of the county government,became the driving force and performance factor of social self-organization.This study found that the China's rural homestead reformwas essentially the multi-level management of common pool resources with a strong closed type.In this situation,the key to effective governance was found in improving the multi-level governance structure and strengthening the ability and sustainability of grass-roots self-organization.This paper identifies the closed nature of resources in the Chinese context from the different types of common pool resources and extends the research focus from self-organized collective action to other relevant actors and their logic of action.Based on this grassroots practice,the IAD framework can be expanded to enhance the theoretical interpretation of the governance experience in the Chinese context.