美国总统缔约权的宪法规定与历史变迁

在美国缔结国际条约和国际协议的权力主要归属于国会。总统作为最高军事统帅,享有部分缔约权,这部分权力属于行政权中的“内含缔约权”（ inherent authority）。随着国际经济交往的深入,美国国会开始将缔结部分经济与贸易协议的权力让渡给总统,这部分权力属于“授权缔约权”（delegated authority）。授权缔约权的范围有多大？总统是如何获得这些权力的？通过授权缔约权缔结的国际协议具有直接适用效力还是间接适用效力？美国宪法对此没有规定。要厘清这些关系,除了仔细研读宪法相关规定之外,我们还需要进一步了解美国的立法实践以及总统缔约权的变迁历史。

On the Constitutional Provisions and Historical Development Concerning the Presidential Legislative Authority

The authority to sign an international treaty mainly belongs to the congress.As the chief in command,the president has part of this authority,which is embraced in the administrative power as the inherent authority.With the intensive international exchanges,the US Congress has begun to delegate part of its legislative power to the president.This is normally referred as the delegated authority.To what extent is the delegated authority? How does the president get this power? Whether are the international agreements signed through delegated authority self-executive or non-self-executive? The US Constitution has nothing to say about these.We have to find the answers by analyzing the relevant provisions of the Constitution and the practice of legislation in the United States.