Facial soft-tissue thicknesses in the adult male Zulu |
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| Institution: | 1. Consultant in Craniofacial Identification, 502 Yarningdale, 199 Marine Parade, Durban, 4001, South Africa;2. Institute for Biostatistics, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa;3. Department of Anthropology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA;1. Department of Forensic Odontostomatology and Human Identification, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon;2. Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon;3. Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon;4. Radiologist, Health Economics and Medical Law, Beirut, Lebanon;1. Department of Anthropology, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey;2. Face Lab, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom;3. Department of Forensic Anthropology, Police Forensic Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey;1. Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy·Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;2. Center for Korean Studies, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, 1881 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States;3. Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Forensic Anthropology, Turkish Police Forensic Laboratory, Golbasi, Ankara, Turkey;2. Radiology Department, Polatlı Can Hospital, Polatlı, Ankara, Turkey;3. Radiology Department, Yildirim Beyazit Traning and Research Hospital, Altindag, Ankara, Turkey;1. Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Germany;2. Face Lab, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom;3. Department of Biostatistics, Faulty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Turkey;4. Radiology Department, Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey |
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| Abstract: | The morphometric method of forensic facial reconstruction rests heavily on the use of facial soft tissue depth measurements. In reconstructing the Negroid face, much use has been made of the tables of soft tissue thicknesses of American Negroid cadavers. However, the genetic complexities of American blacks are well known. In addition it is felt that measurements made on the living are of more value than those made on the dead. In view of this it was decided to set up a table of norms for facial soft tissue depths of the living Zulu, an African Negroid who has remained relatively free from genetic admixture with other populations. The tightly controlled sample consisted of 55 healthy male Zulus, aged 20 to 35. Tissue depths at established landmarks were measured from lateral and oblique cephalometric radiographs. These were then combined with ultrasonic readings at other landmarks on the subject's face to yield a comprehensive set of tissue depth data. This paper presents a set of average facial soft tissue depth measurements from the Zulu face that results in the development of a new profile. It also provides a method for linking two systems of measurement. |
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