元以来历朝对藏传佛教宗教事务的法律调整及其历史启示——藏传佛教宗教事务的法律化研究之一

西藏自元朝正式纳入统一国家版图，至此，全国藏区成为统一国家的一部分。藏传佛教到元朝时已发展成为藏区的主流宗教信仰，并且影响着藏区各方面的事务。因此，对藏传佛教宗教事务的不断规制和调整就成为元以来历朝对藏政治策略的首要任务。鉴于这种重要性，元以来历朝中央政权对藏传佛教宗教事务进行了一系列的政策实施和立法调整，主要包括册封宗教首领、礼遇喇嘛，设置中央和地方专门管理机构，扶持建立地方政教合一政权，规范限定宗教首领世俗权力、规制大活佛转世的立法等方面。这些政策法规的实施不断强化了统一国家主权、保持了藏区社会稳定、促进了藏区经济相对发展。在当今复杂的国内外形势下，这些政策法规对国家如何管理藏传佛教宗教事务和藏传佛教如何谋求自身发展有着重要借鉴意义。

On the Legal Regulation for the Religious Affairs of Tibetan Buddhism since Yuan Dynasty and its Historical Enlightenment

Since the Yuan Dynasty, Tibet was formally included in the harmonization of national territory, all Tibetan areas had become a part of one country. Tibetan Buddhism has developed into the mainstream religious beliefs in the Tibetan areas during the Yuan Dynasty, and impact on all aspects of the Tibetan life. There- fore, the continued regulation and adjustment the religious affairs of Tibetan Buddhism has become the possession of the operation of the primary task of political strategy since the Yuan dynasty. In view of this importance, since the Yuan dynasty central government conducted a series of policy implementation and legislative adjust- ments to it, primarily including the canonization of religious leaders, courtesy lamas ; setting up central and lo- cal specialized management agencies; support the establishment of local theocratic regime; specifications and restraint the secular power of religious leaders, regulation reincarnation of the Grand Living Buddhas of legislation and so on. The implementation of these policies and regulations continue to strengthen the unified national sovereignty, maintaining social stability in Tibet and promoting Tibetan economy. It provides a meaningful reference to the state -- how to manage the religious affairs of Tibetan Buddhism and to Tibetan Buddhism -- how to try self-development in today＇s complex domestic and international situation.