霍姆斯大法官的言论自由观——“明显且现实的危险”原则的发展

霍姆斯大法官对言论自由保护的观点主要表现为提出了"明显且现实的危险"原则这一理论。在1919年的谢内库诉合众国案中,霍姆斯提出了"明显且现实的危险"原则,在艾布拉姆斯诉合众国案中又提出了"思想市场"这一概念。在1925年的吉特洛诉纽约州案中,他提出"明显且现实的危险"检验标准完全适用于对立法裁决的司法审查,在1927年的惠特尼诉加利福尼亚州案中,布兰戴斯大法官(霍姆斯赞同)对这一原则进行了进一步的修正和完善。在该案中提出的"明显且现实的危险"原则适用的限制条件,使这一理论的发展达到成熟。霍姆斯提出的这个理论,后来成为美国完善公民拥有言论、出版自由的理论基础,对美国的法理学产生了很大的影响。

Mr. Justice Holmes'''' Opinion about Protection of Free Speech——Development of the Principle "Clear and Present Danger"

Mr.Justice Holmes' opinion about the protection of free speech is the theory about 'clear and present danger' mainly. In Schenck v. U.S.(1919), Holmes put forward the principle 'clear and present danger'. In Abrams v. United States(1919), Holmes put forward the important concept-'market'-in the theory. In Gitlow v. New York(1925), he pinpointed that this standard can be used in judicial review of legislative arbitrament. In Whitney v. California(1927), Mr. Justice Brandeis(Holmes agreed with) amended the theory. In this case, restriction of the principle was put forward when it was be used, which made the development of theory to maturity. Holmes' theory of 'clear and present danger' became theoretical foundation of American citizens' free speech and press later and had a great influence in American jurisprudence.