试论证据矛盾及矛盾分析法

证据矛盾普遍存在。包括证据内的矛盾与证据间的矛盾、证据与事实的矛盾、证据与情理的矛盾。这些矛盾可以区分为根本性矛盾与非根本性矛盾、冲突性矛盾与差异性矛盾等。矛盾产生的原因包括事物的多样性、信息不对称以及主客观双重局限。出现矛盾或者过于一致没有矛盾都有助于我们发现疑点避免错案,而解决矛盾的过程就是证明的过程。应对矛盾,需要有效地排除、合理地解释、充分地证明以及适当地容忍。在有矛盾时确定事实,应注意所认定的事实不存在与确凿事实与情理的矛盾,不存在不能合理解释,无法排除与解决的根本性矛盾。或者虽然存在证据矛盾,但证据体系足以建立内心确信,排除合理怀疑。

On Conflicts of Evidences and Analysis thereof

There is the universality of contradiction of evidence, including internal contradictions of evidence and contradictions between different types of evidence; contradictions between evidence and facts; contradictions between evidence and reason, etc. Such contradictions can be classified into basic contradictions and non-basic contradictions; antagonistic contradictions and discrepancy contradictions, etc. The causes of contradictions can be listed as diversity of things, subjective and objective limitations, and inequality of information. Contradictions can help us find out problems and hence avoid misjudged cases. Meanwhile, we should keep it in mind that no contradiction at all may indicate an unjust case. To solve the contradictions, effective exclusion, reasonable explanation, sufficient proof and appropriate tolerance are needed. When there exist contradictions, and we want to decide on a fact, we should make sure that the decided fact does not contradict conclusive facts or reasons, and that there is no basic contradiction that can not be excluded or reasonably explained, or that though there are contradictions, the chain of evidence is sufficient to exclude reasonable doubts and to establish innate conviction.