民事公益诉讼的功能承担与程序设计

民事公益诉讼的原告资格问题不属于诉讼担当,而属于实体适格问题。为此,立法者应当在实体法律规范中赋予"法定机关和有关组织"具体的实体请求权。而且,为了避免金钱损害赔偿带来的证明与分配上的困难,以及保证有关组织的独立地位,我国民事公益诉讼的请求权内容未来应当限定在"非金钱损害赔偿请求权"之上;仅例外情形才允许通过民事公益诉讼的途径主张"没收不当收益"请求权并上缴基金,这对于纠正市场失灵亦具有重要意义。此外,为了实现高水准的公益保护,我国还有必要增设有关既判力扩张与禁止滥诉的规定。总体而言,民事公益诉讼承担着"预防保护与监督"的功能,其与任意的诉讼担当、代表人诉讼、债权让与等制度共同存在,并分别在实现不确定人群的集合利益、少量确定人群的个体权利、大量不确定人群的大规模损害赔偿请求权以及大量不确定人群的小额损害赔偿请求权等领域发挥作用。

The Function and Procedure of the Civil Public Interests Litigation

It is held that the plaintiff competence of the civil public interests litigation should not be based on the theory of prozessstandschaft but rather an issue of the substantive law according to which who has the right to present the civil public interests litigation. Therefore, legislators should grant ＂statutory departments and pertinent organizations＂ specific rights to claim by substantive legal rules. Besides, in order to avoid diffi- culties to prove and distribute monetary damages and to guarantee the independence of pertinent organizations, the civil public interests litigation should be restrained mainly to the ＂fight to claim for non - monetary fights＂ with exceptions of claiming for ＂confiscation of the unlawful profits＂ and submitting funds. These measures will be helpful to rectify the malfunctions of free markets. Moreover, to enhance the protection standard of public interests, regulations on expansion of res judicata and prohibition of abusive lawsuits should be eomplemented. On the whole, the civil public interests litigation bears the function of ＂preventive protection and supervision＂, which coexists with other systems such as the discretionary prozessstandschaft, representative litigations and the transfer of creditor＇s rights with their respective functions of protecting collective interests of unspecified group and individual rights of several specific groups, as well as realizing claim rights for both massire and small damages of many unspecified groups.