诉权法理研究论纲

诉权被无故侵犯常见于报端,人们早已习以为常;而对诉权的研究则相当薄弱,学界通行的诉权定义存在不周延之处。诉权就是请求法律救济的权利,是启动与延续诉讼的权利。它是一项与诉讼权利、应诉权、公诉权有别的权利。诉权的形式有民事诉权、行政诉权、刑事诉权和宪法诉权。诉权的内容有起诉权、上诉权、反诉权、申请再审权以及申请宪法解释权和刑事自诉权等等。在法治社会,诉权是高于实在法的道德权利,是一项基本人权。在社会进化过程中,诉权实质内容不断丰富,诉权形式逐渐多样化,诉权主体走向普及,人们在诉权面前实现了平等,随之诉权地位也从习惯的权利上升为宪法的权利与基本人权。诉权的结构可以从诉权的主体、诉权的对象、诉权的义务人三方的关系中去认识。这一特殊的三角结构使诉权产生了不同于其他权利的特殊的社会功能:保障权利、控制权力、和平解决社会纠纷。

A Research Outline of the Jurisprudence of Right to Sue

The right of action is the right to apply legal remedy, and to start and continue a lawsuit. It differs from the right to sue, the right to answer back and the right to public prosecute. The form of the right of action includes civil right of action, administrative right of action, criminal right of action and constitutional right of action. The content of it includes the right to bring an action, the right to appeal, the right to counterclaim, the right to apply a retrial rehearing, constitutional explanation and criminal private prosecution, and so on. It is a moral right which is higher than the positive law; it is also a basic human right. The structure of the right of action could be recognized in the relationship among its subject, target and obligor. This special triangle structure brings the right of action special functions which are different from other rights: to safeguard right, to control power and to settle social disputes peacefully.