清朝文官考绩制度及其实施状况

考绩是清朝对文官的定期监督制度。清朝考绩制度源于明制而又有变化 ,其定制时间是雍正元年。考绩有明确的方式和程序 ,在程序中对“注考”的要求最为严格。清朝考绩以“四格”评等第 ,以“六法”论处分。考绩评等中以京察一等、大计卓异为朝廷关注之焦点。清朝考绩的实施状况 ,自顺治至嘉道时期较之咸、同以降要好得多。如果宏观地考察 ,考绩制度终清之世未曾间断 ,而且在较长时间内能较好地正常实施 ,对于整肃吏治起到了不可忽视的作用。其所以如此 ,主要原因是历朝君主极为重视和考绩立法较为完善。然而在封建官僚政治体制下 ,清朝考绩在实施中不可避免地会出现诸多问题 ,最突出的表现一是举劾夫衡 ,二是迎承为尚。

Supervision on Civilian in Qing Dynasty and its Implementation

Kaoji is a kind of frequently used system in supervising the civilian in Qing Dynasty.It rooted from the system in Ming Dynasty with considerable change and founded in the first year of Empire Yongzheng.Kaoji System has clear mode and procedure and pays more attention to the procedure of 'ZhuKao'(a kind of evaluation system).It has four criteria in grading and six cases in punishment.Among the grading classes,the evaluation of the officials in capital and the chief governor is the focus.The enforcement of KaiJi at the time of ShunZhi,JiaQing and DaoGuang Empire is much better tha that in XianFeng and TongZhi Period.From the macro view,KaoJi has never been disconnected during the Qing Dynasty and has been enforced normally in a long period,which has great importance in formalizing the civilian system.The reason is due to the emphasis of the authority as well as the perfect ness of KaoJi legislation.But due to the bureaucratic system in feudal society,KaoJi necessarily has some defects in enforcement,which include the imbalance between commandment and impeachment as well as the prevalence of flattery.