外交承认的旧模式和新趋势

承认是外交、国际关系、国际法领域里一个古老的概念。在国际关系领域,承认一直被视作国家交往的前提条件,是否给予承认也因此成了一种政治资源。随着非国家行为体越来越多地参与国际社会进程,外交承认的原则已经在包容性和排他性两个极端之间发生重大的变化,欧盟的对外行为最能反映外交承认的新特征。但欧洲的创新没有取代传统外交,而只是增加了新层面。从长远来看,NGO和其他行为体参与国际社会对外交承认标准提出了挑战。

Old Patterns and New Trends in Diplomatic Recognition

Recognition is a concept with long standing in discourses on diplomacy,international relations,and international law.Recognition is a prerequisite for reciprocal exchanges in international relations.The principles of diplomatic recognition have,however,varied considerably throughout history,between the two poles highly inclusive and highly exclusive.Paradoxically,the European Union figures both in a trend toward greater exclusiveness in diplomatic recognition patterns,and in the shaping of a more inclusive international society.European innovations have not replaced,but merely added new layers to traditional diplomacy.It seems obvious that the participation of NGOs and other actors in international intercourse will in the long run raise questions of recognition.e.g.the criteria to include or exclude new actors,which the international community has not yet even started to address.