论被征收不动产价值评估基准日的确定——美国模式与中国方案

被征收不动产价值评估时点的确定是精细化研究土地征收与补偿的重要环节。美国联邦和29个州均以成文法的形式规定了计算不动产价值的时间节点,但实践中严格按照实定法制定的时间进行价值评估可能会背离宪法"公正补偿"的要求,因此美国法院形成了五种应对方式。在中国法的建构中,应当对国有土地上房屋以及集体土地的征收与补偿建构统一的判断标准。通过法律解释方法完成对"公正补偿"与"不得低于"之间关系的塑造。一方面,不能机械地理解和适用"房屋征收决定公告之日"的规定,将所有征收项目不动产价值的评估时点确定为"征收决定公告之日";另一方面,也不宜轻率地否认成文法的规定,而应当综合考量评估报告应用的有效期、迟延履行的原因、项目的规模等因素,以达到"公正补偿"的目的。

On the Time of Calculating the Value of Expropriated Property--American Model and Chinese Way

The time of calculating the value of expropriated property is an important part of the refined study of land acquisition and compensation.The Federal of United States and its 29 States have specified the time for calculating the value of real estate in the form of federal law and statute law,but in practice if it sticks strictly,it may deviate from the"just compensation"requirement in Constitutional Law.For that,the US courts have formed five ways to cope with.In the construction of Chinese law,a unified judgment standard should be imposed on the expropriation of buildings on state-owned land and collective land.The method is to construct the relationship between"just compensation"and"not lower than"by legal interpretation.On the one hand,it is not appropriate to mechanically understand and apply"date of the announcement of the house expropriation decision",and determine the evaluation time of the expropriated property as"the date of the announcement of the expropriation decision";on the other hand,it is also not appropriate to deny the statute,and the provisions should comprehensively consider the factors like the expiration date of application,the assessment report,the reasons for delay in implementation,the scale of the project to achieve the purpose of just compensation.