环境损害赔偿与公益信托——以福岛核事故为中心

福岛核辐射事故造成包括森林、海洋、湖泊、地下水等的环境损害,其中,有些是私人受到了损害,有些是社会受到了损害。这些损害应该如何赔偿?特别是自然资源价值的赔偿是问题的难点所在,比如自然资源之森林,交换价值的赔偿应归属于所有人,其非使用价值则应归属于公众。因此,非使用价值则应赔偿给公众。但是,如何归属呢?对此,宜采用公益信托理念,由国家或地方政府作为受托人,为了社会整体享有利益,请求赔偿。而赔偿方式也是一个重要问题,一般有恢复原状、金钱赔偿两种,一般计算出的环境价值减少部分低于恢复原状的费用,但如果能准确计算出全部自然资源价值,环境价值减少部分与恢复原状的费用基本上相同。因此,公益受托人可以选择任何一种适于该情形的赔偿。

Compensation of Environmental Damage and the Idea of Public Trust： Focusing on Fukushima Disaster

Environmental damages caused by Fukushima Nuclear Accident include damages to forests, ocean, lakes, ground waters etc.,whether privately owned or public. How these damages should be compensated is a difficult problem, especially the compensation of natural environment is an unsolved problem. As for the natural environment, such as forests, compensation for the exchange value will be given to the owner of the property, but the non-use value of natural environment belongs not to the owner of the property but to the public. Therefore the compensation of non- use value should be given to the public. But how？ Applying the doctrine of public trust, the state or the local government should be allowed to act as public trustee for the interest of the whole society and claim for compensation of non-use value of the natural environment. The method of compensation is also an issue. Basically there are two methods, compensation of the costs for restitution of the environment and compensation of the diminished value of the environment. Usually the lost value is calculated to be lower than the restitution costs. But if all the non-value of the natural environment is properly calculated, the lost value of the environment will be almost the same as the restitution costs. The public trustee should be able to choose whichever method he thinks fit to the situation.