公职人员双轨惩戒制度的宪法基础

政务处分法设置双轨惩戒制度有其宪法上的依据。我国宪法为公职人员设置了两种责任制。在功能上,权力责任制强调公职人员应当受人民监督;工作责任制则强调提高工作质量和工作效率。在理念上,权力责任制体现了“为人民服务”的政治要求;工作责任制则意在“反对官僚主义”。由工作责任制发展出的“社会主义责任制”,还进一步确认了相应组织具有宪法赋予的自主管理权。以上述区分为指引,可以合理划分处分决定机关的管理权限。政务处分虽可用于落实工作责任制,却主要是落实权力责任制的工具;任免机关、单位的狭义“处分”则主要是落实工作责任制的工具。监察机关依法不能代替机关、单位直接作出狭义“处分”。狭义“处分”程序可由公职人员任免机关、单位的组织(人事)部门推动。

Constitutional Basis for Officials’Dual Sanction Tracks in China

The dual tracks set up by China’s new law for official sanctions has its basis in the Constitution. China’s Constitution prescribes two sorts of responsibility for government officials and public employees. The functionality of political responsibility is to guarantee that officials must accept people’s oversight, while the work responsibility aims to improve the quality and efficiency of work. As political ideas, “to serve the people” is embodied by the political responsibility, and by the work responsibility, “to combat bureaucratism”. The “socialist responsibility”, evolving from the work responsibility, further confirms public organizations are constitutionally provided the autonomous rights to operate and regulate their internal business. Under this categorizing guidance, the sanction-deciding institutions’ jurisdiction can be reasonably differentiated. The “government sanction” specified by China’s new law is a legal instrument to enforce the political responsibility, albeit also applicable in strengthening the work responsibility. The “sanction”, made by the institution which hires the official, is primarily an instrument for work responsibility enforcement. The commissions of supervision are not authorized to substitute for the official’s own institution to render a latter “sanction”, which shall preferably be finalized in a process driven by institutionally internal Party organization organ/human resource department.