恩格斯晚年在民主问题认识上的两大理论飞跃

恩格斯晚年是马克思主义政治思想发展史上一个非常重要的阶段。恩格斯晚年在民主问题的认识上实现了两大理论飞跃：一个是在无产阶级专政的政治形式上，实现了从公社国家到民主共和国认识的转变；一个是在无产阶级政党的政治斗争策略上，实现了从暴力革命向合法性斗争的转变。但是，在形成这两大理论飞跃的过程中，恩格斯并没有忽视对暴力问题的强调。总体上说，恩格斯晚年的民主观实质上指向了阶级民主和程序民主的统一。

Late Engels’s Two Theoretical Leaps in Understanding Democracy

Engels＇ s later years form a very important stage for the development of Marxist political thought. Late Engels made two theoretical leaps in understanding democracy： one is the change in understanding from corn- munal state to democratic republic as the political form of proletarian dictatorship ; the other is the change in under- standing from violent revolution to legitimate struggles as the tactics of political struggle for the proletarian party. Nevertheless, Engels did not neglect the emphasis on the violence issue in the process of these two theoretical leaps. In general, late Engels ＇ s view of democracy in essence points to the unity of class democracy and procedural democracy.