| 摘 要： | OVER the course of almost a millennium, Beijing served as the capital of four dynasties： the Jin （ruled by the Jurchens, 1115-1234）, Yuan （the Mongol empire, 1271-1368）, Ming （ruled by the Han Chinese, 1368- 16.44） and Qing （Manchu rule, 1644- 1911）. On any map of dynastic Beijing, one finds a blue line of water defining the city＇s outline - the square ＂Central Capital＂ of the Jin, the rectangular ＂Big Capital＂ of the Yuan and the T-shaped ＂Northern Capital＂ （Bei Jing） of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
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