刑事人身辨认证据种类辨析及相关证据规则的适用

2012年3月14日,全国人大通过了经过全面修改的《刑事诉讼法》,在新《刑事诉讼法》中,辨认笔录第一次以法定证据的形式出现在了我国的刑事立法中.随后出台的配套司法解释以《刑事诉讼法》为依据,构建了较为完备的人身辨认证据规则体系,这改变了长期以来辨认笔录作为证据于法无据、作为侦查线索运用混乱的失范局面,是一个显著的进步.但规范层面的概念界定并没有完全消除理论上对于人身辨认证据种类方面的争论,人身辨认在证明对象、心理机制和证明方式上与相关言词证据千丝万缕的联系为人身辨认证据规则的适用增加了困难.因此,有必要从人身辨认证据种类界定入手,探究辨认证据在证据规则适用上的特殊问题,力图强化辨认证据的审查判断,以降低错误辨认的可能性及其对案件实体结果的不利影响.

Types of Evidence of Criminal Eyewitness Identification and the Application of Relevant Rules of Evidence

In the newly revised Criminal Procedure Law of the People＇s Republic of Chinaadopted on March 14, 2012 by the National People＇s Congress,identification record is recognized as a type of legal evidence for the first time in the criminal legislation.The relevant judicial interpretations, on the basis of Criminal Procedure Law, have built a relatively complete system of evidence rules of criminal eyewitness identification, which changes the situation that identification record, as evidence, has no legal basis, and as investigative clues, causes anomie as a result of the confusion in its application.Therefore, it is a significant progress. However, defining the conceptnor- matively does not corrlpletely eliminate the argument on the types of evidence of criminal eyewitness identification. Due to particular object of proof, psychological mechanism, and extensive connections with related testimonial evi- dencein the way of proof, the application of evidence rules of eyewitness identification faces special difficulties. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the definitions of the categories of eyewitness identification, to dig into specific issues occurring in the application of identification rules to evidence rules, to strengthen the examination of identification evidence and so as to reducethe possibility of errors in identification as well as its negative effects on the results of real cases.