民事诉讼中法院的法律观点指出义务:法理、规则与判例——以德国民事诉讼为中心的考察

大陆法系各国的民事诉讼将法院对法律适用的释明称为法律观点指出义务,其与对事实的释明一道构成法院"实体性诉讼指挥"的核心。在德国,法律观点指出义务的立法化是落实宪法规定的听审请求权,避免突袭性裁判的需要。它要求在诉讼过程中,法院应就法律适用与当事人进行讨论,指出当事人在辩论中未提出的,而法院可能作为裁判基础的法律观点,并赋予当事人表明意见的机会。违反法律观点指出义务构成程序瑕疵,当事人可通过上诉、提起宪法诉讼以及提出异议等救济手段维护其程序权利。法律观点指出义务为当事人提供了对法院的法律判断权施加影响的机会,保障了当事人在法律适用领域中的程序参与权,值得我国借鉴。

Court's Obligation of Pointing out the Legal Viewpoints in Civil Litigations

The clarification in law application is viewed as interpretation obligation in civil law countries' courts.It constitutes the core of "substantial litigation orders" combining with the fact interpretation.In Germany,the legislation of interpretation obligation is necessary for realizing hearing claim——the basic power in constitutional procedure,to avoid unexpected adjudication.That demands the courts should discuss with the parties in law application,point out the legal point which the parties didn't raise but may be applied by the courts,and give the parties the opportunity to show their own opinions.Violation of interpretation obligation will cause procedures flaws.The parties can appeal、file constitutional litigation、put forward objection and other relief means to safeguard their procedural rights.Interpretation obligation provides the parties with the opportunity to exert influence on the courts' judgment and protect the parties' participation power in the proceedings,which is worth our country profiting from.