论数据使用保护的国际知识产权制度

商业组织在全球范围内使用数据获得法律保护是数据经济进一步发展的基石。对数据使用的知识产权保护意味着保护“数据”的各种外在呈现形式,尤其是数据集合。数据经营者对数据经济的贡献、数据主权和数字人权带来的现实障碍提出了迫切要求。以德国、美国和日本为代表的主要国家对数据使用保护进行的知识产权立法为数据跨境流动相关制度研究提供了基础。世界贸易组织、世界知识产权组织以及欧盟对数据使用提供了现实保护,但是现有国际法律制度无法对大量存在的非独创性数据集合提供充分保护。其原因包括各国发展水平不一致、数据主权和个人数据保护受到更多关注、国际法碎片化发展趋势等。对此,应在数据相关制度和实践中坚持促进数据使用为指导原则;在TRIPs体系内构建非独创性数据集合制度,该制度在保护数据集合专有权的同时应注重平衡个人数据保护、数据主权和公众信息获取权。立足中国参与全球数据治理现状,中国应在著作权法体系下构建非独创性数据集合有限排他权,并完善相关立法和实施以促进跨境数据流动。

On International Intellectual Property Regime of Data Use Protection

The use of data by commercial or ganizations worldwide to obtain legal protection is the corners tone of the further development of the data economy.The protection of intellectual property rights for data use also means the protection of various external forms of"data",especially data collections.The contribution of data operators to the data economy,the practical obstacles brought about by data sovereignty and digital human rights make it urgent.The major countries represented by Germany,the United States,and Japan’s intellectual property-related legislation on data use protection and the reality of crossborder flow of data provide the foundation.The World Trade Organization,the World Intellectual Property Organization and the European Union provide practical protections for data use,but the existing international legal system can’t provide adequate protection for a large number of non-innovative data collections.This is due to the inconsistent development levels of countries,data sovereignty and personal data protection receiving more attention,the development trend of fragmentation of international law,etc.The guiding principle of promoting the use of data should be adhered to in data-related systems and practices;a nonoriginal data collection system should be established in the TRIPs system,which should protect the exclusive rights of data collection while balancing the protection of personal data,data sovereignty and public information access right.Based on the status quo of China’s participation in global data governance,China should construct non-innovative data collections with limited exclusivity under the copy right system,and improve relevant legislation and implementation to promote cross-border data flows.