国家豁免对国际投资仲裁裁决有效执行的影响及其克服

在国际社会对国家豁免问题逐渐由绝对豁免主义向限制豁免主义转向的趋势下,执行豁免依然具有较强的绝对性。这对国际投资仲裁案件的承认与执行产生了较大的阻力。在限制执行豁免的途径选择上,有些国家主要采用设置类型化的豁免例外条款、保留行政权适度参与和有效利用对等原则等,有些国家通过判例实践来实现执行豁免认定标准的确立。这些方法的背后,暗含着对维护国家利益与促进经贸发展两方面的利益权衡。面对参与国际交往与竞争过程中可能出现的仲裁风险,中国宜改变长期坚持的绝对豁免立场,在加强限制豁免立法的同时坚持互惠原则,灵活地维护国家与国民的利益。面对执行豁免于短时间内难以突破的现实,我国投资者亦应当充分做好投资前的防范准备,并在裁决执行遇阻后积极寻求多样化的补救措施。

The Influences of State Immunity on the Effective Execution of International Investment Arbitration Award and the Countermeasures

In the trend that the international community has gradually shifted its position on the issue of state immunity from the absolute immunity to limited immunity,the state still enjoys absolute immunity from execution.This plays a profound negative role in the acknowledgement and execution of international investment arbitration cases.In terms of ways to limit the immunity from execution,some countries mainly adopt methods such as setting up clauses on typified exemption exceptions,reserving appropriate participation of administrative power and making effective use of the principle of reciprocity,while some countries have established the standard of determining the immunity from execution through cases and practice.Behind these methods,there is a hidden balance of interests between safeguarding national interests and promoting economic and trade development.In the face of arbitration risks in the process of participating in international exchanges and competition,China should change its long-standing position of absolute immunity,adhere to the principle of reciprocity while strengthening the legislation on limited immunity,to flexibly safeguard the interests of the state and its nationals.Facing the reality that it is difficult to break through the immunity from execution in a short period of time,Chinese investors should also make full preparation before investment for risk prevention and actively seek diversified remedial measures after the execution of the award suffers setback.