日本涉外民商事管辖权制度初探

日本法院分为四级简易法院、地方法院、高等法院和最高法院。《日本民事诉讼法》中的许多规则用于确定国际管辖权问题都不是很恰当,判例在国际民商事管辖权领域里起着相当重要的作用。最高法院在1981年10月16日做出的判决是关于日本法院国际管辖权的指导性判决,它确立了国际民商事管辖权的一般标准,即“正义和合理”标准。管辖权的排除主要表现在以下方面法院选择协议、仲裁协议以及主权和外交豁免。在实践中,下级法院创设了有关国际管辖权的一项规则,即“特殊情势主义”。对于外国的未决诉讼、不方便法院原则、择地行诉和禁诉命令制度,日本的立法或实践以及学者的观点富有特色。

On the System of Civil and Commercial Jurisdiction over Foreign Matters of Japan

The courts of Japan are divided into four levels: Simple Court, District Court, High Court and Supreme Court. Lots of rules in the Code of Civil Procedure of Japan are not very proper to establishing the international jurisdiction, so the cases are very important in international civil and commercial jurisdiction. Supreme Court's decision of 16 October 1981 is the leading decision on the international competence of Japanese courts, and it established the general standard of international civil and commercial jurisdiction, i.e, the principle of justice and reasonableness. The situations of exclusion of jurisdiction are as follow: forum agreement, arbitration agreement, sovereign and diplomatic immunity. In practice, a lower court created a principle of international jurisdiction: the principle of special situation. As to foreign pending action, forum non conveniens, forum shopping and anti-suit injunction system, the Japanese legislation, practice and scholars' opinions are characteristic.