美国自然文化遗产管理经验及对中国有关改革的启示

美国是自然文化遗产资源丰富且管理较为成功的国家,其基本管理理念是根据遗产资源的公益性确定遗产资源的使命,然后建立与使命相应的资金机制、管理机制、经营机制、监督机制等,以确保管理能力、管理手段与管理目标相适应。本文以美国国家公园体系为例介绍了这种理念的形成过程和具体体现方式,总结了中国自然文化遗产管理制度与美国的差别,并在剖析中国有关改革的基础上提出了中国遗产管理应该借鉴美国的基本管理理念。

The Management Experience of American Natural and Cultural Resource and its Enlightment to the Related Reform of China

America is a country not only rich in natural and cultural resources; but also comparatively successful in managing them. Her fundamental concept of management starts with a determination of the mission of the subject resources, based upon its public utility. The budget mechanism, managing mechanism, operation mechanism, and supervising mechanism, etc. are then set up according to the mission to insure that the associated goals and targets can be met with the allocated management resources and tools. The concept forming process and its subsequent embodiment within the National Park Service system are then introduced in this paper as an example. Based upon this introduction, the corresponding difference between China and America is analyzed and some fundamental ideas and directions are proposed as consideration for adoption by the Chinese heritage management authority.