试论近代欧美传教士与日本僧侣在华情报活动之差异

近代在中国活动的外国宗教主要有天主教、基督教、东正教和日本佛教。外国宗教人士利用在中国传教之机纷纷进行情报活动。欧美传教士在中国的情报活动主要是为了教会,间接服务于国家利益,尤其是在初期的传教活动中,这一特点更为明显,但在客观上有利于本国的对华扩张;而日本僧侣在华的情报活动则完全是受其政府支使,直接服务于国家利益,其目的是为了配合本国的对外侵略扩张。中日佛教同宗同源,使日本僧侣在华的活动更具鼓动性和隐蔽性,这是欧美传教士不可比拟的。然而,中国政府从来没有正式同意日本僧侣来华传教,而欧美传教士在华传教则受公法保护。因此,日本佛教团体在华的区域也相对集中于几个省份,而没能像欧美基督教那样全面开花。

On the Difference of Intelligence Activities between European and American Missionaries and Japanese Monks in Modern Times

Foreign religious that are in practice in modern China mainly include Catholicism, Christianity, the Orthodox Eastern Church, and Japanese Buddhism. As a result, many foreign missionaries take the advantage to do intelligence work for different purposes. The European and American missionaries work for the church and also for national interests indirectly, but what they do is beneficial to the expansionism in China objectively. Japanese monks, however, under the order of their government, work for national interests directly and play a supporting role in Japanese militarist expansionism. Since Chinese and Japanese Buddhism are of the same origin, it is easier for Japanese monks to agitate and covert their activities, but Chinese government has never allowed Japanese monks to practise their religion in China formally, while European and American missionaries' practice is protected by the public law. Therefore there are differences between Japanese Buddhism and European and American Christianity: the former is limited to only a few provinces while the latter spreads over in an all - round way.