不动产最高额抵押权的变更——兼评指导案例95号

按照指导案例95号,将既有债权转入最高额抵押担保债权范围的,未经登记亦有物权效力,但不得对第三人产生不利影响。该指导案例并非将不动产最高额抵押权变更的模式改变为登记对抗要件主义,而是对概括最高额抵押权之否定立场进行缓和,以便更充分地发挥最高额抵押权的优势。特定债权的转入属于最高额抵押担保的债权范围的变更,其与债权确定期间的变更、债务人基准的变更一样,都不需要后顺位抵押权人等第三人同意,因为不会破坏这类第三人的信赖基础。债权范围的变更遵循实行合同自由原则,其效力与登记无关,只不过当事人不得将非基于正常交易关系产生的债权纳入担保范围,给第三人造成难以预料的损害。这一裁判规则不得类推适用于最高额抵押权的决算期变更、债务人基准变更,为保护不特定第三人对最高额抵押担保债权是否已确定的信赖,这些事项的变更只有在最高额抵押权确定前办理登记,才能产生物权效力。

On the Alteration of the Right of Maximum Amount Mortgage on the Real Property--A Comment on Guiding Case No. 95

According to Guiding Case No. 95, if a creditor ’s right is incorporated into the secured scope of a maximum amount mortgage, the real right is thus created validly without prejudice to the interests of a third party even if the registration has not been conducted. Such guiding case does not change the mode of altering the right of maximum amount mortgage to be the doctrine of regarding registration as a defense,but eases negative view on the right of maximum amount mortgage in order to give full play to its strong points. Incorporation of a specific creditor’s right, as a kind of alteration of the secured scope of a maximum amount mortgage, and just like the alteration of the date for determining the creditor’s right or the alteration of the qualification for debtor, does not need the approval of a third party such as the subsequent-in-line mortgagee, because it will not damage the reliance basis of the third party. The alteration of the secured scope is governed by the principle of freedom of contract, and its validity is independent from registration;nevertheless, the creditor’s right incorporated into the secured scope must arise from normal transactions and shall not cause unpredictable damage to a third party. The judicial rule arising from this case shall not be applied by analogy to the alteration of the date for settling the right of maximum amount mortgage or of the qualification for debtor, which come into effect of real right when the registration is made before the right of maximum amount mortgage is determined, so as to protect the reliance of a third party on whether the creditor’s right secured by the maximum amount mortgage has been determined or not.