令状主义的例外及其限制

我国刑事诉讼法并未明文将令状主义确立为一项基本原则。令状主义背后所体现的司法审查精神、对公权力的制约思想以及人权保障的理念值得在诉讼程序尤其是侦查程序中贯彻。在侦查程序的构建中,应将令状主义作为解释的指针之一。对于令状主义的例外情形应当进行限缩解释,否则将导致令状主义的空洞化,紧急处分说可以作为这种限缩解释的基本依据。作为先行拘留与扭送对象之一的现行犯,在刑事诉讼法上应做统一理解。从紧急处分说出发,预备犯原则上不得作为现行犯处理;对于正在实行犯罪这一要件的解释,必须同时具备现行性、明白性、急迫性,对于明白性的判断应坚持事前判断与事后判断的对应原则;对于犯罪后即时被发觉的这一要素的解释,应同时具备时间与空间上的接近性。

Exceptions from and Limitations on the Doctrine of Warrant

The Criminal Procedural Law of China has not explicitly established the status of the doctrine of warrant as a basic principle, however, the spirit of judicial review, the thought of limiting the public power and the idea of human right protection embodied in the doctrine of the warrant should be implemented in the proceedings especially the investigation procedure, so the doctrine of warranty should be regarded as one of guidelines in the construction of the investigation procedures. The exceptions from the doctrine of warrant should be limitedly interpreted, otherwise the doctrine of warrant will be hollowed out. The theory of emergency response may serve as the basic basis for such limited interpretation. The criminal caught red-handed as one of objects being detained preliminarily and seized and turned over to the police should be understood in a unified way in the criminal procedural law. Based on the theory of emergency response, the offender preparing for a crime should not be treated as a criminal caught red-handed in principle;Regarding the interpretation of the requirement of being committing a crime, being red-handed, clarity and urgency must be satisfied at the same time, and the principle of correspondence between the judgment beforehand and the second guess should be insisted on in deciding the clarity. As for the interpretation of the element of being discovered immediately and instantly after committing a crime, the temporal and spatial proximity should be satisfied.