数据财产权益的私法规范路径

数据的本质是信息,应将数据界定为以电子形式存储和处理的体现一定事实内容的信息。数据分类应聚焦非公开数据和公开数据,前者可受商业秘密制度保护,对作为当前主要研究对象的后者如何保护尚无共识。美国与欧盟调整数据财产权益的法治实践表明,应承认数据控制者对其合法收集处理之数据享有独立的财产权益,同时这种财产权益不宜具有绝对性。我国立法未规定数据财产权益机制,实务模式和学理见解存在不同程度局限。应在数据之上创建具备有限排他性的准财产权,使数据控制者得以据此对抗特定类别主体和特定类别行为。应保留《民法总则》第127条,在《反不正当竞争法》第9条之后新增一个条文对数据准财产权保护作出规定。

Normative Path of Data Property Right and Interest in Private Law

The essence of data is information, and data should be defined as information stored and processed in electronic format that embodies certain fact. The classification of data should be focused on non-public data and public data. The non-public data can be protected by system of trade secret, but how to protect the public data which is the main research object of this paper does not have consensus. The practical experience of United States and European Union on data property reveals that, data controller should have property right and interest on data collected and processed legally by them, and this property right and interest should not have absoluteness. The legislation in China does not provide system for data property and interest, and the solutions of court and academia have different imperfections. Quasi-property right should be created on data which has limited exclusiveness, and data controller could exclude certain actors and certain behavior by this right. Article 127 of General Rules of Civil Law should be reserved, and a new article of data quasi-property right should be added in Anti-Unfair Competition Law which follows the article of trade secrets.