美国企业犯罪的审前转处协议研究

美国针对企业犯罪建立了特殊的审前转处程序,办案检察官可以与涉罪企业签署暂缓起诉协议和不起诉协议,如果企业能够在考察期限内完成协议下的义务,则不会被审判和定罪。在美国经济危机时期,该制度较好地为企业的生存和社会公共利益的维护提供了保障。该制度以美国司法部内部的政策性文件为依据,赋予了办案检察官较大的自由裁量权,法院基本无权干预。美国理论界的争论主要围绕三对冲突关系:社会公共利益维护与企业“大到不用判刑”特权的冲突、检察官的转处裁量权与程序正义的冲突、司法部内部行为与立法/司法管辖权的冲突。在我国面临企业犯罪处理困境的当下,该制度及其相关理论能够为我国“司法行政部门帮扶企业”政策的践行提供经验借鉴。

The Pretrial Diversion Agreements of Corporate Crimes in the U.S.

The United States has adopted a special pretrial diversion process for corporate crimes.Under such a process,a prosecutor can sign a Deferred Prosecution Agreement or a Non-Prosecution Agreement with a corporation criminal.If the corporation can fulfill its obligations under the agreement,it will be diverted from the following trail and conviction.In the U.S.economic crisis period,the process has protected corporations and public interest to a great extant.The authority of the process centers around the political memorandums in U.S.Department of Justice,grants great discretion on individual prosecutors,and provides no basis for courts'interference.The scholars in U.S.have controversial ideas about the process which focuses on three conflict relationships:the protection of public interest and the“too big to jail”privilege of corporations;the prosecutor's discretion to diverse a corporation and the dual process requirement;the inner behaviors of U.S.Department of Justice and the jurisdiction of legislator and judiciary.Since China is facing the difficulty of dealing with corporate crimes,the pretrial diversion process in U.S.and its relevant theoretical discussions could provide valuable inspirations for the implement of the“Providing Judicial Assistance to Corporations”policy in China.