私法中理性人标准之构建

他人内心世界的无法直接获知性,决定了个案裁判中理性人标准的不可或缺.司法实践中,需要运用理性人标准来完成相应的评价工作.理性人标准的运用包括三个阶段:理性人建构、场景重构、透过认知图式得出结论.个案中,通过设想一个具有特定知识结构和能力水准之人,在具体的场景下会形成什么样的认识,来完成对行为人的评价任务.理性人的内部结构主要包括知识结构、认知能力和行动能力,理性人的具体化即表现为理性人的知识结构和能力水准的具体确定.理性人的具体化、场景的重构,均需在价值指引下进行.对此,认为理性人标准系为单一价值服务的观点不可取.理性人标准所要实现的价值,必须结合其所要解决的问题领域具体地加以确定,不同领域中理性人标准所要实现的价值也会不同.价值实现的基本途径是,将价值取向作为确定理性人能力水平和具体知识状况的标准,并指引场景的重构.理性人标准在私法中有着非常广泛的适用空间,并可扩展到公法领域.

Constructing the Reasonable Person Standard in Private Law

The non direct accessibility to others'' inner world determines the indispensability of the reasonable person standard to the adjudication in individual cases. In judiciary practice, we need to use reasonable person standard to complete our assessment. The application of the reasonable person standard consists of three steps: the construction of the reasonable person, the reconstruction of the scene and drawing a conclusion through a cognitive scheme. In an individual case, we image what kind of cognition a person with certain knowledge structure and ability would form in a certain scene and use the outcome as reference to complete our assessment of an actor. The inner structure of the reasonable person includes knowledge structure, cognitive ability and the ability of action. The specification of the reasonable person is the determination of the knowledge structure and ability of the reasonable person. Both the specification of the reasonable person and the reconstruction of the scene should be done under the guidance of certain values. The value to be realized by the reasonable person standard needs to be determined by taking into consideration the specific area of the problem to be solved and therefore varies from area to area. The basic approach to the realization of value is to take value orientation as the standard to determine the ability and specific knowledge level of the reasonable person and to guide the reconstruction of the scene. The reasonable person standard has a broad scope of application in the field of private law and its scope of application can be expanded to the field of public law.