美国国会拨款制度的变迁与改革

钱袋权是美国国会最为基础而关键的权力。1789年以来,美国国会拨款制度已经历过三次重大改革与调整,拨款权力从分享到集中再到分享,拨款委员会的政治角色也随之从守财者转变为散财者。拨款制度的变迁与改革顺应了联邦政府的发展需求,也反映出府会间的对峙,以及国会内部党团、委员会等相互博弈的政治进程。美国200多年来的拨款制度演进史虽然集中地反映了分权制衡的宪政理念,但也导致了拨款过程中的一些制度性缺陷。

The Evolution and Reform of U.S. Congressional Appropriations System

The purse power is the most basic and crucial power of U.S.Congress.As the major part of purse power,the appropriation has direct bearing on the funding for domestic and foreign affairs items of U.S.federal government.Since 1789,the Congressional appropriations system has undergone three major reforms and adjustments.The appropriations power has experienced the transition from decentralization to centralization,and then to re-decentralization.Correspondingly,the political role of the Congressional Appropria...